The DDR, like other emerging Communist states in the aftermath of World War II, established a "five-year-plan", focused on industrialization, as a nation-wide exercise in rapid economic development.
In 1953, the German Democratic Republic began issuing a set of definitive postage stamps to publicize their current five year plan. The worthless, canceled-to-order examples everyone remembers from stamp packets of the 1960's were never even part of the actual five-year-plan definitive postage stamp series -- They were later reprints, made around 1957, for collectors, and they were never actually valid for postal use in East Germany.
The
scope of this series is much wider than that, and for the collector
that studies the different printings, varieties, cancellations, and
postal history of this issue, it can be a very rewarding experience and
make for a very attractive collection display.
The DDR began issuing the five-year-plan definitives
in August 1953, continuing through the end of November 1953. The first
printing, shown above (Mi. #362-79, Sc. #155-71), was lithographed, perforated 13 x 12 1/2, and
printed on paper with a multiple DDR and Posthorns watermark.
From
the lowest to the highest denomination, the designs depicted: a coal
miner, a woman mariner, German and Soviet workers, a mother teaching
Marxist principles, machinists, worker-peasant and intellectual, a
teletype operator, a steel worker, Bad Elster, Stalin Boulevard,
locomotive building, a dancing couple, Sports Hall in Berlin, a
laboratory worker, Zwinger Castle in Dresden, ship launching,
agricultural workers, and a dove and East German family.
Reprints
were made of the first printing in 1957. The reprints all have machine printed
cancellations between every four stamps, thus only a small section of
the machine printed cancel appears on each stamp.
The designs of the reprints differ slightly from those of the original first printing. All the reprints are canceled-to-order, as described above, and they were produced for sale to collectors. Fourteen town cancels were used for the 1957 reprints, and they all have 1956 dates on them. The reprints were never sold to the public un-canceled, and they were never valid for postage. For more information on the details of the reprints and the printed cancels that were applied to them, please see the Michel Deutschland-Spezial-Katalog.
All mint and
postally used examples are from the original first printing. Postally
used examples of the first printing are very scarce, and in some cases,
they are worth as much as the corresponding mint condition examples.
The "precanceled" reprints have very little value today, though having
them would be a necessity for a complete study of these five-year-plan
issues.
The image above shows the 84 Pf. denomination from the
1953 Lithographed printing (left) and from the 1953-1954 Typographed
printing (right).
At first sight, the differences on the 84 Pf. stamps seem obvious, but some of the other denominations may be more difficult to tell apart.
There are, however, several differences in the printings, which should make separating them even easier.
Typographed, second printing (shown below):
Later typographed printings have basically the same "printing" characteristics as those described above.
Beginning
in November 1953, the DDR began issuing redrawn, typographed versions
of the five-year-plan definitives. Their characteristics are described
in the previous section.
These new stamps (Mi. #405x-422x, Sc. #187-04) were also perforated 13 x 12 1/2, and printed on paper with a multiple DDR and Posthorns watermark. Stamps from this printing are known both with upright and sideways watermarks. The sideways watermarks are very high priced.
The designs and denominations
were unchanged from the August 1953 lithographed issues.
The 5 Pf.
denomination was also issued in booklets.
The 6 Pf., 12 Pf., 16 Pf.,
and 35 Pf. denominations DO NOT HAVE the imprint below the stamp design.
Reprints were also made of this second printing in 1957. Their attributes are the same as those of the reprints of the August 1953 lithographed issues.
All mint and postally used
examples are from the original second printing. Postally used examples
of this printing are also scarce.
In
October 1954, the DDR re-valued the nine stamps shown above (Mi. #435I-42I, #439II, Sc. #216-23, #223A) with new
values. All of the stamps were from the redrawn, typographed, second
printing, except for one, an additional 24 Pf. denomination from the
lithographed first printing.
Other re-valuations of the lithographed first printing set are forgeries.
Reprints
were also made of these re-valued stamps in 1957. Their
characteristics are the same as those of the 1953 first and second
printings. Mint and postally used examples are from the original
printings, whereas canceled-to-order examples are from the reprints.
Between
January and August of 1955, the six new denominations shown above (Mi. #453-58, Sc. #227-30A) were
issued. The stamps are identical to those of the previous issue, but
they are now printed with the new denominations that they were
previously re-valued with. The two 5 Pf. re-valued designs, and the
lithographed 20 Pf. re-valued design were not used for this issue.
The 10 Pf. blue was also used in booklet panes.
Reprints
were also made of these stamps in 1957. Their characteristics are the
same as those of the 1953 first and second printings. Again, mint and
postally used examples are from the original printings, whereas
canceled-to-order examples are from the reprints.
In
January 1957, the DDR re-issued nine of the ten denominations of the
typographed five-year-plan definitives shown above. These new stamps (Mi. #577A-85A, #704, Sc. #330-38, #477a)
were also perforated 13 x 12 1/2, but they were now printed on paper with a multiple Quatrefoil and DDR watermark.
The 5 Pf., 10 Pf. blue, 10 Pf. blue green (1959), 15 Pf., and 20 Pf. denominations were also used in booklets. The 10 Pf. blue green denomination was issued in July 1959.
The canceled-to-order examples of these stamps are all from the original 1957 printing.
Between
August 1958 and December 1959, the stamps shown above (Mi. #577B-85B, Sc. #476-82) were issued by
the DDR. They are the same as the 1957 issue, but these new stamps were
perforated 14.
The canceled-to-order examples of these stamps are all from the original 1958-1959 printings.
The
20 Pf. stamps, shown at the bottom of the scans above (Mi. #580BZ, Sc. #478a) were issued on
September 4, 1959 to commemorate the Second German Philatelic Exhibiton
of the DDR in Berlin. The regular 20 Pf. stamp design was used, but the
sheets were modified to include sixty stamps and 40 commemorative
labels.
The scans above depict three booklet panes from the DDR 1957 five-year-plan definitive issue.
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DDR - Definitives of 1953-1959